The Poodle is a dog breed that is currently considered as a decorative dog or a companion dog. Through a study conducted by Professor Stanley Coren which aimed to rank breeds in intelligence, poodles came out as the second smartest breed on the scale, following the border collies. They are capable of adapting to a variety of climates due to their extensive origins and broad history. .
It is believed that poodles originated in France, but some people name Germany as their country of origin due to the word "poodle" having German etymology, as in the German word the name meaning "splash in water."
It should be noted, however, that in France this breed holds its own meaning called caniche from "cane" – a duck, which validates their origin from French water dogs. In the reconstruction of the breed's history, specialists relied on etymological analysis, written documents, and images of dogs resembling poodles. In German, "pudel" or "pudelin" means "puddle", "swamp", or "splashing in water." English word "poodle" also comes from "puddle." The French word for the breed is "caniche." It comes from "chien canard" which means "a dog for hunting ducks."
Originally, poodles were bred as working dogs in order to hunt small game centuries ago. As time passed, European poodles began transitioning from a life of duck hunting to luxurious royal family pets, forming the beginning of their popularity. In Europe, poodles have been known since 15-16th centuries, and for the longest time they were a breed that was only available to the royals. That is how it got its name – "Royal" Poodle, – not because of its size, as some believe.
The breeds history can date back to ancient Roman and Greek times, as dogs that resemble poodles were founded on ancient Roman and Greek coins along with reliefs in masoleums. Poodle-like dogs are depicted on medieval murals in the Benedictine monastery of Monreale, Sicily and Saint-Remi Abbey in France. Dogs with a lion hair style that is typical for poodles can be found in the works of Flemish and Dutch artists. First written descriptions of poodles are found in European chronicles dating back to the 16th century. They mention different varieties of these dogs, with different sizes and hair colors.
By 18th century poodles had become incredibly popular among French nobility. At the time, the art of hairdressing was booming in Europe. The first grooming salons emerged in France during the reign of Louis XVI. Having mastered the new craft, court coiffeurs started giving the thick-coated pets of their high-born masters cuts in various styles. The king was trying to please his spouse Marie Antoinette who adored poodles and he declared the miniature poodles as the official court breed.
The aesthetics and good temperament of poodles also appealed to creative, artistic, and extravagant side of the public. Great people like George Sand, Thomas Mann, Schopenhauer, and Ludwig van Beethoven owned poodles as pets. They also became the favorite choice of circus artists as their outstanding ability to be trained allows them to perform the most mind- blowing tricks. However, poodles weren't entertaining just the elites/bohemians. Their courage, loyalty and smarts were in demand in the army. These dogs helped to search for the wounded and delivered secret messages.
First standard for poodles was established and published in Great Britain in 1886. Later the standards were created in Germany, France and the selection of the breed went in its own way within each of these countries. This resulted the creation of different types of poodles. The English preferred a lighter, more elegant body structure. In Imperial Germany they were striving for a heavy, massive conformation. It is well known that since the 19th century massive royal poodles were guarding the archives of the Reich Chancellery of the German Empire.
For a long time, breeders in Eastern European countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary followed the German standards while in other countries they preferred poodles from the English "dynasty." In the United States at the year of 1911, there were more than 170 standards and miniature champions.